The main rule that describes the short form for cases is Rule This rule also explains when you can use a short form for cases already cited in full in law review articles. You should consult Bluepages Rule B Other short forms are acceptable as long as it's clear which case you are citing.
Here are examples of acceptable short forms for Universal City Studios, Inc. Corley , F. A pincite offset by a comma should indicate changes in what portion of the authority is being cited.
An "at" is typically necessary to avoid confusion:. O'Neill, supra note 15, at If a work has an institutional author, use the complete institutional name; works without an author may be cited to by the title, while unsigned student authored law journal works should be cited by the appropriate designation such as "Note" or "Comment.
NOTE: The typeface convention from the original source should be used for the author name or title in a " supra " citation.
Law Review Typeface: Varies by source. The term "hereinafter" is used when using another short form would be impractical, cumbersome, or confusing. Two typical circumstances where a "hereinafter" is appropriate are when an author name or title is long and unwieldy for a normal "supra" short form citation and to distinguish between two or more authorities cited originally in the same footnote which could easily be confused with each other.
To use "hereinafter," at the end of the first full citation and enclosed in square brackets, but before any explanatory parenthetical, and write "hereinafter" followed by a shortened form of the authority, typically a paraphrase of the title or designation of the type of document as long as unambiguous.
NOTE: The shortened "hereinafter" form should be in the same typeface as the original. Subsequent citations to the authority will function as supra citations but will use the hereinafter designation in place of the full author or title. Bluebook Rule 21st : 3. Internal cross-references are used to cite to text and notes within the same work. Internal cross-references may point the reader to specific pages, designate parts and sections, paragraphs, or footnotes, as well as figures, charts, and graphs.
The rules for an appropriate citation to this material is discussed in greater detail in elsewhere in this guide at " Pages, paragraphs, and pincites ". Exact wording for internal cross-references, however, is flexible.
Both terms must be written in italics but they may be used either as an introductory signal combined with " See " or in a textual phrase directing the reader to the specific material.
See supra notes and accompanying text. See cases cited infra note See discussion supra Part III. See supra pp. See infra Figure 5. A number of materials have their own rules governing the use of short citation forms; see the table at the beginning of Rule 4. Rule 4. For law review articles, "use id. Footnote 1: Johnson v. Phelan, 69 F. Footnote 1 is the footnote immediately preceding Footnote 2, and cites to only one authority a case.
Footnote 2 also cites to the same case, so id. Laufer-Ukeles observes that "domestic adoption involves a widely-accepted system of what is considered 'non-commercial adoption,' even including private adoption Here, the same authority is cited twice in a single footnote. If the subsequent citation is to the same material but a different page than was earlier cited, simply list the new page number in the " id.
Footnote Franklin A. European Community, 23 U. INT'L L. If the immediately preceding footnote lists more than one authority, id. In this instance, you should use supra. Footnote Hannah L.
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